B. INGGRIS (POSTINGAN KE 2)

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1. VERB PHRASE

A phrase is a group of words that forms a unit simpler than a sentence. Unlike a sentence, or clause, a phrase does not contain both a subject and a finite (conjugated) verb. When building sentences, we use many types of phrases. This article focuses on verb phrases.

What is a verb phrase?

In grammar, a verb phrase is a verb of more than one word. It includes one or more helping (or auxiliary) verbs and one main verb:

can see                                         [helping verb can + main verb see]
would have sent                             [helping verbs would + have + main verb send]
may have been planning              [helping verbs may + have + be + main verb plan]

What does a main verb do?

The main verb expresses the chief idea in the verb phrase. The other verbs are there only to help it.

The main verb is always the last verb in the phrase. Often its form changes, as in the last two examples, in which send becomes sent and plan becomes planning.
(Tip: After the helping verbs have and be, the form of the main verb almost always changes.)

What does a helping verb do?

A helping (or auxiliary) verb, which is placed in front of a main verb, helps it to express different ideas. There are only a small number of helping verbs. They are divided into two types: primary and modal.

Primary

There are three primary helping verbs: be, do and have. Note that these verbs have different forms:

be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
do, does, did
have, has, had

In addition to acting as helping verbs, be, do and have can occur alone as main verbs:

I was at the arcade. [was is a main verb]
I was working at the arcade. [was is a helping verb; working is the main verb]

Lars often did the cooking. [did is a main verb]
Lars did not mind cooking . [did is a helping verb; mind is the main verb]

Alex and Cara have the keys. [have is a main verb]
Alex and Cara have gone. [have is a helping verb; gone is the main verb]

Modal

There are 10 principal modal verbs:

can, could
shall, should
will, would
may, might
must
ought [+ to + main verb]

Unlike the primary helping verbs, modal verbs do not change their form to agree with different subjects. For example, can does not change no matter what subject it follows:

I can go
you can go
he can go
we can go
they can go

After most of the modal verbs, the main verb is in its base form (the form in which it is listed in the dictionary):

can go [can + base form go]

The one exception is ought, which is followed by to and the base form of the main verb:

ought to go [ought + to + base form go]

The modal verbs must be used together with a main verb. They occur alone only when the main verb is left understood, usually to avoid repetition:

"Who can tell me the answer?"
"I can!" [= I can tell you the answer]

Why do we need helping verbs?

We use helping verbs

to change the tense of a verb:

am hoping [present progressive]
have finished [present perfect]
will go [simple future]
will have been working [future perfect progressive]

to ask a question:

Do I have the wrong number?
Does Sven know Marta's password?
Did you forget to walk the dog?

to create emphasis:

Rivka does plan to attend, after all.
We do need a new couch, no matter what you think!
I did walk the dog.

to form a negative verb:

The children did not (or didn't) see the end of the hockey game.
We have not (or haven't) finished yet.
Please do not (or don't) open this window.
The mail will not (or won't) go out until tomorrow.

Note: Adverbs (such as the adverb not or its contraction n't) often appear in the middle of a verb phrase—but they are not verbs. They modify the verb phrase but are not part of it.

to form the passive voice (with be as the only, or the last, helping verb):

were introduced
have been elected
is being organized
will be held
would have been hired

to add an idea:

must read [necessity]
can read [ability]
can read, may read [permission]
could read, may read, might read [possibility]
ought to read, should read [advisability]

https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/grammaire-grammar/sntvrbphrs-eng.html

Example :

1. He was smoking.- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

2. We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.

3. Henry made my coach very proud.

4. Yankee batters hit the ball to win their first World Series since 2000.

5. Mary saw the man through the window.`

2. TENSES

It's all about time. Things can happen now, in the future or in the past. The tenses simply show the time of an action or state of being as shown by a verb. The verb ending is changed (conjugated) to show what time it is referring to. Time can be split into three periods The Present (what you are doing), The Past (what you did) and The Future (what you are going to do, or hope / plan to do ). The tenses we use to show what time we are talking about are split into the Simple, Continuous andPerfect tenses. In English we use two tenses to talk about the present and six tenses to talk about the past. There are several ways to talk about the future some of which use the present tenses, these are:

Present	Simple Present
	Present Continuous
Past	Simple Past
	Past Continuous
	Present Perfect Simple
	Present Perfect Continuous
	Past Perfect Simple
	Past Perfect Continuous
Future	Using the Simple Present
	Using the Present Continuous
	Using the Present Perfect Simple
	Using the Present Perfect Continuous
	Using going to
	Using shall/will

Simple Tenses

The simple tenses are used to show permanent characteristics of people and events or what happens regularly, habitually or in a single completed action.

Continuous Tenses

The continuous tenses are used when talking about a particular point in time.

Perfect Tenses

Sometimes you need to give just a little bit more information about an action or state...and that is where the perfect tenses come in.

The perfect tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a moment in the past. It is often used to show things that have happened up to now but aren't finished yet or to emphasize that something happened but is not true anymore. When they end determines which of them you use.

Perfect tenses are never used when we say when something happened i.e. yesterday, last year etc. but can be used when discussing the duration of something i.e. often, for, always, since etc..

The Future Tenses

Discussing the future in English can seem complicated.The present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous can all be used and often it is possible to use more than one structure, but have the same mean

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensesimpres.html

1. Present Tenses

- Simple present tense

Example : I study for two hours every day

- Present continuous tense

Example : Budi is driving his new red car

- Present perfect tense

Example : I have read the book

- Present perfect continuous tense

Example : I have been writing with y computer all night long

2. Past Tenses

- Simple past tense

Example : Budi went to the library three days ago

- Past continuous tense

Example : I was riding bicycle

- Past perfect tense

Example : Riri had been singing

- Past perfect continuous tense

Example : my brother had slept before father came home

3. Future Tenses

- Simple future tense

Example : I will go to Jakarta

- Future continuous tense

Example : I will be shopping in Tanah abang

- Future perfect continuous tense

Example : The bos will habe been playing golf for 2 hours

4. Past Future Tenses

- Past future tense

Example : If I found his wallet, I would give it back to him

- Past future continuous tense

Example : If I could go home, I am staying with my wife

- Past future perfect tense

Example : If I could fly, I had crossed the sea

- Past future perfect continuous tense

Example : If you studied hard, you had been controlling the world

http://www.belajaringgris.net/16-tenses-bahasa-inggris-766.html

3. Singular and Plural

Different languages have different ways of expressing the difference between singular and plural nouns. Understanding the difference between plural and singular nouns is an important part of learning and using the English language. If used incorrectly, you can easily miscommunicate even the most obvious of details. The difference between the two types is equally important whether the language is being spoken or written.
The primary difference between plural and singular nouns is that the latter indicates a single unit of the noun while the former represents multiple units. It's important to make the distinction between the two tenses because shared characteristics in nouns will otherwise go unnoticed. The plural form of nouns can commonly be confused with the possessive version of a noun, which indicates ownership. Possessive nouns often contain an apostrophe while plural nouns do not.

The majority of nouns in the English language can be transformed from singular to plural simply by adding an "s" to the word's end; for example, there is one car, but if another arrives, there are two cars. Words that end in the letters "s", "-ch", "x", or "s"-like sounds become plural by adding "es" to the end. For example, oxygen is not one gas, but a combination of gases. Not all words adhere to these principles, though, as some nouns take on different forms when they become plura.

http://www.ehow.com/info_8267043_difference-between-plural-singular-nouns.html#ixzz2wk73MOJK

When we are talking about two or more people, animals, places or things, we have to make the countable nouns plural.

Plural nouns usually end in s.

Singular	Plural
lamp	lamps
worker	workers
hawk	hawks
place	places
rope	ropes

hen the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s or x, you usually add es to form the plural. Some exceptions are stomach and monarch where you add sinstead of es. This is because the ch in these words sounds like k.