BIS 2#

16.41 |

Gerund and Infinitive

Gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Posisi	Penjelasan	Contoh Kalimat Gerund/Infinitive
Subject of a sentence	Keduanya dapat digunakan sebagai subject of a sentence.	Walking on the beach may be fun.
		To walk on the beach may be fun.
Subject complement	Keduanya dapat digunakan sebagai subject complement. Namun, gerund lebih umum digunakan.	My goal is winning the prize.
		My goal is to win the prize.
Direct object(object of a verb)	Keduanya dapat digunakan sebagai direct object, namun ada ketentuan dalam menentukan penggunaannya. Beberapaverb hanya dapat menggunakan gerund, beberapa menggunakan infinitive, dan beberapa yang lain menggunakan keduanya. Penjelasan lebih lengkap di bawah.	The man like climbing the mountain.
		The man like to climb the mountain.
Object of a preposition	Gerund umum menjadi object of a preposition. Sedangkan pada infinitive, hanya beberapa preposition, antara lain:except dan but yang kadang-kadang diikuti infinitive.	The woman read a book about cooking.
		You have no other option but to negotiate with you manager.

Questions + answered

1. Tasya wishes … her grandparents more often.

a. Visiting

b. To visit

2. I dislike … money on non-essential items.

a. Spending

b. To spend

3. I watched two lions … in the grass in South Africa.

a. To sleep

b. Sleeping

4. We promise … in touch with our clients.

a. To stay

b. Staying

5. My mother taught me not … about my academic work.

a. Lying

b. To lie

Referensi : http://www.wordsmile.com/penggunaan-dan-contoh-kalimat-gerund-dan-infinitive

ADVERB

An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, or sentence.Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realised not just by single words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Adverb of Time

Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often.

Ø When : today, yesterday, later, now, last year

Ø For how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year

Ø How often : sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

Example :

1. Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.

2. I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.

3. I, together with my pals, already have eaten lunch.

4. She’ll prepare for the final test from now to the next saturday.

5. I paid a call my friend in the hospital last week.

Adverb of Place

Adverbs of place indicate where something happens.

Thes include; abroad, anywhere, here, outside, somewhere, there, underground, upstairs etc.

Example:

1. The child went indoors.

2. He lived and worked abroad.

3. The ceremony was being held outdoors.

4. Chris is going to work overseas.

5. The road twists uphill.

Adverb of Manner

Some adverbs tell us how an action is or should be performed.

Ø Often these adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective.

Ø Adjectives ending -l add -ly ; careful-carefully.

Ø Adjectives ending -y change to -ily ; lucky-luckily

Ø Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly ; responsible-responsibly

Example :

1. The little girl ran quickly. In this sentence quickly modifies the verb ran (to run).

2. The rich woman learned from experts how to arrange flowers beautifully.

3. Students have to walk calmly in the school.

4.Please read the instructions carefully before you filling the form.

5. He wanted to know the difference between working hard and working smart.

Adverb of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something is done.

Adverbs of frequency include; always, constantly, continually, frequently, infrequently, intermittently, normally, occasionally, often, periodically, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes etc.

Example :

1. I always do my homework on time. - In this sentence always shows us the frequency (how often) I do my homework on time.

2. She goes out occasionally. - In this sentence occasionally shows us the frequency (how often) she goes out.

3. I always update the calendar at the beginning of the month.

4. Poetria often takes notes during the Skype sessions.

5. I usually have to get up early to walk Laika.