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Stile in Written English


            An English writing style is a way of using the English language.
The style of a piece of writing is the way in which features of the language are used to convey meaning, typically but not always within the constraints of more widely accepted conventions of usagegrammar, and spelling.
An individual's writing style may be a very personal thing. Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a standardized style defined by the organization. This allows a consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors, and promotes usability of, for example, references to other cited works.
In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information, adherence to a standardised style of writing helps readers make sense of what the writer is presenting. Many standardised styles are documented in style guides. Some styles are more widely used, others restricted to a particular journal. Adherence to no particular style is also a style in its own right; some may think it undesirable, others not.
      1. SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, sequence of tenses adalah logika yang mengatur tentang tenses, misalnya sebuah kejadian di future tense tidak bisa terjadi di past tense. Dalam writing, sequence of tenses menentukan dimana sebuah kejadian terjadi. Kejadian past tense datang sebelum kejadian present tense, kejadian present tense datang sebelum kejadian future tense dll. Hal ini bisa kita lihat pada if clause.
Contohnya :
1.Jika seorang berkata “I need to go to the store” maka anda harus mengatakannya “she said that she needed to go to the store” anda mengubah “need” menjadi “needed” padahal kejadiannya masih sama-sama dalam present tense.
2. “if you could meet me at the airport, I would be grateful” ini merupakan kejadian present tense tapi kita mengubah “can” menjadi “could” karena ini adalah conditional sentence.
3. “I wish I had been at the party last night” kalimat ini merupakan kejadian past tense yang tidak terjadi tapi kita menggunakan past perfect untuk mengatakannya.
      2. PARALEL STRUCTURE
Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, PARALEL STRUCTURE adalah menggunakan pola kalimat yang sama untuk menunjukkan kata-kata yang memiliki level kepentingan yang sama. Hal ini bisa terjadi dalam kata, frasa, ataupun klausa. Biasanya untuk membuat paralel structure kita menggunakan kata penghubung, seperti ‘and” dan “or”
Contohnya :
1. Contoh paralel structure dalam kata menggunakan gerund “mary like hiking, swimming, and bicyling” atau menggunakan infinitive “mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle” jika menggunakan paralel structure kita tidak boleh mencampurnya seperti dalam kalimat “mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle”
2. Contoh paralel structure dalam frasa “the teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner. And lacked motivation” semua frasa dalam kalimat diatas menggunakan frasa kerja “waited”, “complited”, dan “lacked”, penggunaan paralel structure dalam frasa pun tidak boleh dicampur seperti dalam kalimat “the teacher said thet he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner and his motivation was low”.
3.Paralel structure yang dimulai dengan menggunakan klausa juga harus diikuti dengan klausa yang sama, jika pola klausa berubah maka akan melanggar paralel structure seperti dalam kalimat “the coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat to much, and to do some warm up exercises before the game” klausa “ to do some warm up exercises before the game” memiliki pola yang berbeda dengan dua klausa sebelumnya maka kalimat diatas tidaklah paralel structure, seharusnya kalimat sebenarnya “the coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm up exercises before the game”.
3.ANTECEDENT
Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, antecedent adalah kata yang digantikan oleh pronoun. Kata antecedent berarti “sebelumnya”. Hal ini dikarenakan pronoun sering menggantikan kata sebelumnya atau kata yang sudah disebutkan terlebih dahulu sebelumnya.
Contohnya :
1.      “when you see the profesor, please tell him I”ll be 10 minutes late” dalam kalimat ini kata “profesor” merupakan antecedent dan kata “him” merupakan pronoun dari kata “profesor” yang terlebih dahulu disebutkan.
2.      “gail called to say she will arrive at 7 o’clock “ dalam kalimat ini “gail merupakan antecedent dan kata “she” merupakan pronoun.
3.      “The man who lives next door lost his driving license” dalam contoh ini kata “man” merupakan antecedent dari relative pronoun “his”.
Walaupun arti kata antecedent adalah “sebelumnya” antecedent tidak selalu disebutkan di awal, namun bisa juga disebutkan setelah pronoun seperti dalam kalimat “when you see him, please tell the profesor I”ll be late 10 minutes” kata profesor masih merupakan antecedent dari pronoun “him” namun kata “profesor” disebutkan di akhir setelah pronoun.

      4.  REDUDANCY
Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, redudancy adalah kata yang mubazir untuk ditulis atau diucapkan untuk kedua kalinya karena memiliki kesamaan arti dengan kata sebelumnya.
Contohnya :
1.      “if all of us cooperate together, we will succeed” dalam kalimat tersebut kata “cooperate” dan “together” digunakan, padahal mereka memiliki arti yang sama. Salah satu dari kata tersebut seharusnya dihilangkan agar kalimatnya menjadi benar seperti “if all of us cooperate, we will succed” atau “if all of us work together, we will succeed”
2.      “The accused was guilty of false misstatement” kata “false” dan “misstatement” memiliki arti yang sama, maka kita harus menghilangkan salah satunya seperti “the accused was guilty of misstatement”
3.      “ it was the general consensus of opinion that we must go to the movie” dua kata yang memiliki arti yang sama dalam kalimat tersebut adalah kata “consensus” dan “opinion”, maka kita harus menghilangkan salah satunya agar menjadi kalimat yang benar “it was the general opinion that we must go to the movie”
5.DANGLING CONSTRUCTION
Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, dangling construction adalah sebuah modifier yang gagal dalam kalimat. Tugas modifier adalah mendeskripsikan secara khusus sebuah kata.
Contohnya :
1.      “ having read your letter, my cat will stay indoors until the ducklings fly off” dalam kaimat ini secara arti menyatakan bahwa kucing itu sedang membaca surat padahal maksut penulis sebenarnya adalah kita akan membiarkan kucing di dalam rumah selama kita membaca surat. Seharusnya modifier yang tepat adalah “ having read your letter, we will keep our cat indoors until the ducklings fly off”
2.      “ Meticulous and punctual, david’s work ethic is admirable” modifier “meticulous and punctual” gagal menjelaskan “david’ dan malah menjelaskan “david’s work ethic”. Kalimat yang seharusnya adalah “meticulous and punctual, david has an admirable work ethic”.
3.      “Having seen blackpool tower, the eiffel tower is more impressive” dalam kalimat ini modifier “having seen blackpool tower” seharusnya tidak menjelaskan eiffel tower karena artinya akan janggal, kalimat yang benar seharusnyaa “having seen blackpool tower, she thinks the eiffel tower is more impressive”.


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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE



Active
Pasive
Simple Present
S + V (S/es) + O
S + to be + V3 + BY + O
(she, he, it = is)
(I = am)
(they, we, you = are)
Simple Past
S + V2 + O
S + to be + V3 + BY + O
(she, he, it, I = was)
(they, we, you = were)
Simple Future
S + will + v1 + O
S + will + be + v3 + by + o
Present Continous
S + tobe + ving + o
S + to be + being + v3 + by + o
Past Continous
S + tobe (was / were) + ving + o
S + to be (was / were) + being  + v3 + by + o
Future Continous
S + will + be + ving + o
There are some tenses and conditions that don’t have pasive form present continous, past perfect continous, future continous, future perfect continous, and sentences that have intransitive verbs
Present Perfect
S + has / have + v3 + o
S + has / have + been + v3 + by + o
(she, he, it = has)
(they, we, I, you = have)
Past Perfect
S + had + v3 + o
S + had + been + v3 + by + o
Future perfect
S + will + have + v3 + o
S + will + have + been + v3 + by + o



 Mengubah kalimat active ke kalimat passive
1.      1.  Active = once a month, conte brings the team to the beach.
Pasive = once a month, the team is brought to the beach by conte.
(SIMPLE PRESENT)


1.       2.  Active = Ali is writing a letter right now.
Pasive = the letter is being written by Ali now.
(PRESENT CONTINOUS)

1.       3.  Active = Gio repaired the computer which is located in the living room
Pasive = the computer which is located in the living room was repaired by Gio.
(SIMPLE PAST)

1.       4.  Active = The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.
Pasive =  The Customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
(PAST CONTINOUS)
1.       5. Active = Many basketball players have trained that kind of dribble style.
Pasive = that kind of dribble style have been trained by many basketball players.
(PRESENT PERFECT)

1.       6.  Active = Otong and vicky had repaired many cars before they received their mechanic license.
Pasive = many cars had been repaired by otong and vicky before they received their mechanic,
(PAST PERFECT)

1.       7.  Active = Chef ferara will finish the dish by 05.00 PM
Pasive = the dish will be finished by chef Ferara by 05.00 PM.
(SIMPLE FUTURE)

1.     8. Active = Burgerkill will be performing a song entitled “tiga titik hitam” on the stage at 08.00 PM.
Pasive = a song entitled will be performed by Burgerkill on the stage at 08.00 PM.
(FUTURE CONTINOUS)

1.       9.  Active = They will have completed the project before the deadline.
Pasive = the project will have been completed by them before the deadline.
(FUTURE PERFECT)

1.       10. Active = The lead guitarist of flashgod apocalypse smashed his guitar in their last concert.
Pasive = the guitar was smashed by the lead guitarist of flashgod apoccalypse in their last concert
(SIMPLE PAST)
 

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